Naming rules for brands of internationally renowned manufacturers
Foreign high-temperature alloy grades are named according to the registered trademarks of manufacturers.
Naming rules for Chinese superalloy grades
Different from abroad, China's high-temperature alloy grade is a national unified standard, which is expressed by a combination of letters and Arabic numerals. According to special needs, English letters can be added after the brand name to indicate the modified alloy of the original alloy, such as a specific process or a specific chemical composition.
Common grades of high-temperature alloys and related characteristics are as follows:
2. International comparison: The domestic research and development system is maturing and is currently in the stage of innovation and development
Foreign high-temperature alloy materials started earlier
The development of superalloys is mainly carried out internationally in Germany, Britain, the United States, Japan, Russia and other countries. The international development system of superalloys presents a major feature. The operating temperature range of superalloys is getting higher and higher, from less than 800 ℃ in the early stage to today ’s operating temperature reaching 1700 ℃. With the continuous increase in operating temperature are new technologies and new The continuous iteration of the process, from the deformation of superalloys, casting superalloys to powder metallurgy superalloys, especially the promotion of directional solidification and other technologies has promoted the continuous improvement of aeroengine performance.
In 1939, the British International Nickel Company first developed a low-carbon titanium-containing nickel-based metal Nimonic75, and then the Nimonic80 alloy containing aluminum and titanium alloy elements came out. In 1942, Nimonic80 alloy was used as the material of turbine engine blades, and it was the earliest application of Ni3 (AL, Ti) strengthened turbine blade materials. Since then, the British International Nickel Company has formed Nimonic series high-temperature alloy materials by adding different alloy elements to the alloy materials, including Nimonic80A (B, Zr), Nimonic90 (cobalt), Nimonic100 (molybdenum), etc., and by improving metallurgical technology, etc. Nimonic93, 108/109 and 120 alloys were developed by way of approach; for single crystal superalloys, Rolls-Royce developed alloys such as SRR99, SRR2000 and SRR2060 to form the RR series.
After 1941, the United States began to vigorously develop aero engines, and the application of high-temperature alloy materials began. In 1942, HastelloyB nickel-based alloys were used in two jet engines of General Electric Company. In 1944, cobalt-based alloy HS23 was developed for precision casting of vanes in Westinghouse engines. After 1950, due to lack of cobalt resources, the United States began to develop nickel-based superalloys and used them in the manufacture of turbine blades. PW, GE and Special Metals developed Waspalloy, M-252 and Udimet500 alloys based on these alloys. Formed Inconel, Mar-M and Udmit alloy series. After the 1960s, the single crystal superalloy blades manufactured by the directional solidification process greatly improved the performance of aeroengines. The PWA1480 single crystal alloy blades developed by PW Company have successively Used in engines such as V-402, single crystal hollow precision cast blades were put into use in 1982. At present, the single crystal superalloy blade materials in the United States are mainly from PW Company, GE Company and Monnon-Muskegon Company, named after the PWA series, Rene-N series and GMSX series, respectively.
In the former Soviet Union (Russia), high-temperature alloys are called heat-resistant alloys. From the mid-1940s to the 1950s, the former Soviet Union developed iron-nickel-based, nickel-based, and cobalt-based heat-resistant alloys based on heat-resistant steel, such as H415, H395, H388, H435, H602, H929, H416 (cobalt Base) and H105 alloy etc. The composition characteristics of the nickel-based heat-resistant alloys of the former Soviet Union are the addition of more tungsten and molybdenum elements, a certain amount of iron elements, and a small amount of vanadium elements, while American alloys commonly use molybdenum elements and less tungsten elements. After the 1960s, the former Soviet Union developed alloys such as H868, H57, Π99, Π220, Π238, and H618. The high-temperature alloys of the former Soviet Union (Russia) can be divided into H and Π (deformed) alloy series and alloy series prefixed with,, Π, C (cast and single crystal alloy).
Major high-temperature alloy manufacturers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan:
The United States is the most important country producing high-temperature alloys, producing about 50,000 tons throughout the year, 60% of which is for civilian use. In the military field, aero-engine manufacturers General Electric (GE) and Pratt-Whelani (PW) also produce high-temperature alloys; in the civilian field, U.S. companies engaged in R & D and production of high-temperature alloy materials include Special Metals Corporation and Cabot Company, Hines-Site, etc.
British International Nickel Company produced the world's first nickel-based metal superalloy. In addition, British aero-engine company Rolls-Royce also developed directional solidification alloys and single crystal alloys.
Japan's major high-temperature alloy producers are JFE Corporation, Nippon Steel, Ishikawashima Harima Heavy Industries and Kobe Steel Corporation. Japanese companies are involved in the development of aeroengines and are the global leader in single crystal alloys. Among them, NIMS and IHI used the fourth-generation Ni-based single crystal superalloy tms-138 for high-temperature endurance testing of supersonic commercial passenger aircraft engines. The world's highest gas temperature record.
China has formed a unique high-temperature alloy research and development system
my country's high-temperature alloy has undergone the development process of imitation, imitation and combination to originality, forming a unique high-temperature alloy system in my country. There are more than 200 kinds of superalloys developed in my country. Among them, 177 were included in the national standard in 2005, forming the basis of the superalloy system. Before 1980, my country's high-temperature alloys formed their own basic system, and this system is now more complete and systematic.
Different from foreign manufacturers' respective system formation standards, my country's high-temperature alloys form a unified national standard, and a complete system is constructed in the order of alloy forming method, matrix element and strengthening method. Among them, alloy forming methods include deformed superalloys, cast superalloys (including equiaxed cast superalloys, directional solidified columnar superalloys and single crystal superalloys), welding superalloys, powder metallurgy superalloys, dispersion strengthened superalloys It is divided into high-temperature materials of intermetallic compounds; under these different alloy series, it is divided into iron-based, nickel-based, cobalt-based and chromium-based alloys; under the same matrix, it is divided into solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening types.
The development of high-temperature alloys in China can be divided into three stages:
From 1956 to the early 1970s was the initial stage of the development of high-temperature alloys in my country. GH3030 high-temperature alloy was manufactured under the guidance of Soviet experts, and then GH4033, GH4037, GH4049, GH2036, GH3030, GH3039, GH3044, K401 were developed and produced by imitation of the former Soviet Union high-temperature alloy materials in order to produce fighter engine engines. , K403, K406 and other superalloys, at the same time, in response to the lack of Ni and Cr resources in China, iron-nickel-based superalloys were developed to replace GH4033 and GH4037, which were used in large quantities at the time.
From the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s, it was the improvement stage of my country's high-temperature alloy manufacturing process. On the basis of independently developing a series of high-temperature alloy materials in the early stage, by adding such as large-scale vacuum smelting equipment, fast forging machine, precision forging machine, etc. and advanced testing equipment, the production process is further improved, and a quality management system and stricter quality The management procedures not only successfully developed a series of new models of deformed alloys and cast alloys, but more importantly, made a significant breakthrough in the production technology and product quality control of high-temperature alloys in China.
From the mid-1990s to the present, it is the stage of innovation and development of high-temperature alloys in my country. With the development and production of new aeroengines, further requirements have been put forward for high-temperature alloy materials, and the production process of high-temperature alloys has also achieved a major breakthrough. At this stage, the powder superalloy production line of the rotating electrode powdering process was established and perfected, and the powder turbine disk materials FGH4095 and FGH4096 were developed; using the mechanical alloying process technology, the oxide dispersion-strengthened superalloys MGH4754 and FGH2756 were developed; the first Generation, second generation single crystal superalloys DD402, DD408, DD406, etc., new directional solidification column crystal alloys DZ4125, DZ4125L, DZ604M, DZ417G, low expansion coefficient alloys GH2907, GH2909 and heat-resistant corrosion, malleable and castable high Cr alloy GH4648 and so on.
China's current main enterprises engaged in research and production of high-temperature alloys are divided into two categories, forming a pattern of dislocation competition: the first category is special steel enterprises, mainly LNFS special steel, BG special steel, CC special steel … Large alloy plates, bars and forgings, these products have the largest consumption and simple structure; the other is the transformation of scientific research institutes, mainly BJGY, China Aviation Development Beijing Aviation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences Metal Research …, mainly Produce high-end products with small batches and complex structures.